Published 10.04.2003
PROSPECTS OF HYDROGEN ENERGETICS
Ph.M. Kanarev
E-mail: kanphil@mail.kuban.ru
Hydrogen is the only pollution free and inexhaustible
energy carrier, but the implementation
of such attractive properties of hydrogen is restrained by large expenses of
energy for its production from water. Modern level of knowledge allows us to
implement this process and to reduce energy expenses for hydrogen production
[1], [2], [3], [4].
There are the
notions of gram-atom and gram molecule
in chemistry. Gram-atom is equal numerically
to atomic mass of the substance, gram molecule is equal numerically to
molecular mass of the substance. For example, hydrogen gram molecule in water
molecule is equal to 2 grams, and gram-atom
of oxygen atom is equal to 16 grams. Gram-molecule of water is equal to 18
grams. As the mass of hydrogen in water
molecule is 2×100/18=11.11% and
the mass of oxygen atom is 16×100/18=88.89%, the
ratio between quantity of hydrogen and oxygen is preserved in one litre of
water as well. It means that 1000 grams of one litre of water contain 111.1
grams of hydrogen molecules and 888.9 grams of oxygen atoms.
One litre of
molecular hydrogen has mass
of 0.09 grams, one litre of molecular
oxygen has mass of 1.47
grams. It means that from one litre of water it possible to produce
111.1/0.09=1234.44 litres of hydrogen and 888.9/1.47=604.69 litres of oxygen.
Thus, one gram of water
contains 1.23 litres of hydrogen. Existing energy consumption
for production of 1 m3 of hydrogen from water is 4 kWh or 4Wh/liter of hydrogen. In order to
produce 1.23 liters of hydrogen, it is necessary to spend 1.23x4=4.94 Wh or
4.94 Wh/gram of water.
Instruments and
Equipment Used for the Experiment
The special experimental low current electrolyser. The instruments
used for input power measurement: an electric meter, voltmeter (accuracy class
0.2, GOST 8711-78), ammeter (accuracy class 0.2, GOST 871160). A balance with
value of a division of 0.10 grams and
0.010 grams. A stopwatch with value of a division of 0.1 s.
Experimental Results
|
Indices |
Average |
|
1 - duration of the
experiment with input energy in 6 series t, min |
6x5=30.0 |
|
2 – readings of voltmeter V,
volts |
13.6 |
|
3 – ammeter readings I,
amperes |
0.02 |
|
4 – power P, watts hour
(P=VxIxτ/60) |
0.136 |
|
5 – continue of experiment
without input energy in 6 series, min |
6x55=330.0 |
|
6 - mass difference, grams |
0.44 |
|
7 – mass of evaporated
water, grams |
0.02x6=0.12 |
|
8 – mass of water converted
in hydrogen |
0.320 |
|
9 – specific power P’=P/ |
0.425 |
|
10 – existing specific power P’’, Watt/gram of water |
4.94 |
|
11
– the reducing power on the
production of hydrogen, times K=P’’/P’ |
11.62 |
|
12– quantity of released
hydrogen, ΔМ
=0.320x1.23x0.09=0.035, grams |
0.035 |
|
13 – energy content of hydrogen being obtained (Е=0.035х142/3,6) Wth |
1.397 |
|
14- energy efficacy of low
ampere process of water electrolysis (Eх100/P), % |
1027 |
m, grams
m, Watt/gram of water
Note: Gas escape is clearly seen
during many hours after the electrolyzer is disconnected from the supply line.
Conclusion
Low ampere water
electrolysis opens a prospect for production of inexpensive hydrogen from water
and a transit to hydrogen energetic.
References
1- Ph.M. Kanarev. The Foundation of
Physchemistry of the Micro World. Krasnodar, 2002. 320 pages
2 – http://book.Kanarev.innoplaza.net
3 – Ph. M. Kanarev. T. Mizuno. Cold
Fusion by Plasma Electrolysis of Water. New Energy Technologies. 2003.
Issue N 1 (10), pag. 5-10.
4 – http://www.n-t.org/tp/ns/if.htm
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